Consider human male homosexuality /.../ On the face of it, the existence of a substantial minority of men who prefer sexual relations with their own sex rather than with the opposite sex constitutes a problem for any simple Darwinian theory. /.../
Trivers (1974), Wilson (1975, 1978), and especially Weinrich (1976) have considered various versions of the possibility that homosexuals may, at some time in history, have been functionally equivalent to sterile workers, foregoing personal reproduction the better to care for other relatives. I do not find this idea particularly plausible, certainly no more so than a 'sneaky male' hypothesis. According to this latter idea, homosexuality represents an 'alternative male tactic' for obtaining matings with females. In a society with harem defence by dominant males, a male who is known to be homosexual is more likely to be tolerated by a dominant male than a known heterosexual male, and an otherwise subordinate male may be able, by virtue of this, to obtain clandestine copulations with females. /.../
Homosexuality is, of course, a problem for Darwinians only if there is a genetic component to the difference between homosexual and heterosexual individuals. While the evidence is controversial (Weinrich 1976), let us assume for the sake of argument that this is the case. Now the question arises, what does it mean to say there is a genetic component to the difference /.../? It is a fundamental truism, of logic more than genetics, that the phenotypic 'effect' of a gene is a concept that has meaning only if the context of environmental influences is specified, environment being understood to include all the other genes in the genome. A gene 'for' A in environment X may well turn out to be a gene for B in environment Y. It is simply meaningless to speak of an absolute, context-free, phenotypic effect of a given gene.
Even if there are genes which, in today's environment, produce a homosexual phenotype, this does not mean that in another environment, say that of our Pleistocene ancestors, they would have had the same phenotypic effect. A gene for homosexuality in our modern environment might have been a gene for something utterly different in the Pleistocene.
Dawkins uttrycker tydligt en skepsism mot att homosexualitet alls skulle vara genetiskt betingad, men noteras bör att mer stöd för detta har lagts fram på senare år - att homosexualitet kan förklaras som en fenotyp stöds även indirekt av FBO-effekten och den nyligen presenterade KI-forskning på fysiska skillnader i homo- och heterosexuellas hjärnor (i min modell tänker jag ställa upp och testa så många hypoteser om enbart genetisk påverkan, enbart miljöorsaker och en kombination av gener och miljö som är praktiskt möjligt).
Tre uppslag alltså: Den sterila arbetarstrategin, 'sneaky male'-strategin och en radikalt förändrad miljö (edit: med miljö avser Dawkins framför allt den genetiska miljön). Dawkins tycks ta den sista teorin som mest sannolik, och jag ställer frågan vad denna miljöförändring då skulle kunna vara? Och om en sådan miljöförändring skett nyligen (säg under de senaste 20.000 åren) - borde inte då en avtagande trend vara att vänta?
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